American Indian Studies: STI

General Considerations for Social Studies and History Teachers

Introduction

When Columbus arrived in the Bahamas in 1492, and when Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot in English) landed on the mainland of North America in 1497, they arrived in a vast land, but also in an equally vast and varied cultural landscape that had been evolving for ten millennia.

The earliest verified archaeological evidence of the settlement of North America comes from two distinct sites, one in Pennsylvania and one in Chile. Meadowcroft Rockshelter, a 35-mile drive southwest of Pittsburgh, was used continuously for centuries but was abandoned by Indians around the time of the Revolutionary War. An amateur archaeologist, Albert Miller, 20世纪50年代，第一次在土拨鼠的洞穴里发现了文物, but it wasn’t until the 1970s that the site was properly excavated by a team from the University of Pittsburgh. 他们发现的是人类居住的完整记录，可以追溯到19000年前. Tools, bones, campsites, and personal effects were recovered. The presence of 149 species of animals was established, along with evidence of early farming of squash, corn, and beans.

The Monte Verde site in Chile, also excavated in the 1970s, is a rare find: a relatively complete village that was inundated by rising water in a peat bog shortly after it was inhabited and therefore was held in a kind of anaerobic amber. 和梅多克罗夫特遗址一样，Monte Verde遗址的历史可以追溯到19000年前. Together the sites are important and do more than help us understand how and when North America was settled; they also show that there were people in North America well before the Bering land bridge formed about 10,000 years ago, throwing into dispute the theory that North America was settled primarily by Asiatic wanderers over the bridge. 正规买足球的App自己起源的印第安故事几乎都声称我们是在自己的故乡诞生的.

考古学正在努力解释的问题是:北美是何时以及如何定居下来的? 第一批人类是在一万年前越过大陆桥的吗? 或者是3万年前海平面再次上升之前形成的陆桥? From Asia by boat earlier? From northern Europe? All of the above? Were there in fact multiple origins of the human species?—are rapidly being answered by ongoing genetic research. This research suggests that prehistoric Indians share a lot of DNA with Asian populations and, surprisingly, with European populations as well. It is quite likely that Europeans migrated into far eastern Asia and mingled with the populations there and that their descendants crossed over to the New World between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago. 但这都是关于移民的科学，而不是民族的历史.

Most Indians do not see themselves as merely the first in a long series of arrivals to North America; they see themselves as indigenous. 对部落土著的信仰对于理解现代印度的现实是至关重要的. The rhetorical stance that Indians are merely one group of travelers with no greater stake than any other clashes with Indians’ cultural understanding that we have always been here and that our control over our place in this world—not to mention our control over the narrative and history of that place—has been deeply and unjustly eroded.

(Treuer, David.《正规买足球的App》. Riverhead Books, 2019.)

Key Concepts of Time, Continuity, (史密森尼美洲印第安人国家博物馆)

Many American Indian communities have creation stories that specify their origins in the Western Hemisphere.

美洲印第安人已经在西半球生活了至少15000 - 20000年.

The Western Hemisphere was laced with diverse, well-developed, 以及数千年来相互影响的复杂社会.

American Indian history is not singular or timeless. 美洲印第安人的文化一直在适应和改变环境, economic, social, and other factors. 美洲印第安人的文化和人民完全融入了现代世界.

美洲印第安人采用各种方法来记录和保存他们的历史.

European contact resulted in devastating loss of life, disruption of tradition, and enormous loss of lands for American Indians.

Hearing and understanding American Indian history from Indian perspectives provides an important point of view to the discussion of history and cultures in the Americas.

印度人的观点扩大了社会、政治和经济对话.

土著人在美洲的历史上扮演了重要的角色. Many of these historically important events and developments in the Americas shaped the modern world.

Providing an American Indian context to history makes for a greater understanding of world history.

Basic Considerations

The phrase “Since Time Immemorial” is common in Indian Country. “Since the first daylight”, “Since the beginning of time,” and other like terms are used synonymously. Consider putting the phrase “Since time immemorial” at the beginning of any timelines or displays you use.

Native Nations of the United States are not considered “ethnic groups” and so are separate from ethnic studies in many academic arenas, including the University of Washington. They are sovereign native nations with a unique government-to- government relationship with local, state, and federal governments.  No  American ethnic group possesses that status. The state of Washington makes this clear in its adoption of ethnic studies under the Substitute Senate Bill 5023 Section 5: “The legislature intends that nothing in this act supersedes the use of the Since Time Immemorial: Tribal sovereignty in Washington state curriculum, developed as required under RCW 28A.320.170 (1) (b).

在提到美洲的古代历史时，避免使用“前哥伦布时期”. Instead, use “precontact” or “precolonial.虽然这三个术语仍然定义着基于与欧洲人接触的土著历史, the latter are generally considered more respectful.

Challenge the Bering Land Bridge Theory. 我们的教科书错误地把它当作事实或流行的理论. A lot has been discovered since 2014, the latest edition of any of our middle school history texts. 此外，这一理论在科学领域已经被证明是错误的，在此不便赘述. 关于这片土地何时、如何以及多久有人居住，有很多理论. If appropriate, share various theories. 传统的土著信仰是土著民族是在这片土地上被创造出来的, 就像犹太教和基督教的创世故事教导他们自己的起源一样.

Avoid using “Prehistory” for two reasons: it defines history as what is written down and negates oral histories.

避免使用书面语言作为定义文明的标准. This excludes indigenous and oral cultures around the world.

所有SPS计算机和笔记本电脑上都安装了Southern Lushootseed字体(Sl leSucit).

Totem poles are unique to Pacific Coastal tribes.  Welcoming poles are unique to interior Coast Salish tribes. 在任何情况下，它们都是家族和领土认同的一种形式. Making them out of cardboard paper towel rolls is insulting, diminutive, and ignores their true purposes.

“美洲印第安人”一词是对美国境内土著部落的法律术语.g., Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Education), 尽管立法中同时使用“美洲原住民”和“美洲印第安人”. 许多西北太平洋部落使用“印第安人”一词作为他们的官方部落名.g., Tulalip Tribe of  Indians). The term “Native American” grew out of the 1960s and 1970s political movements and is falling out of favor within Indigenous communities. (Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Second Edition, Smithsonian Books, 2018)

Historically, tribes in the Northwest had villages over vast geographic areas; there was rarely a singular territory for a singular people. The colonial “real estate-type” boundaries was codified with the assignment of several peoples to one reservation.

When teaching about world religions, you can incorporate the following:Since time immemorial, 部落的人们已经承认“造物主”是地球上所有生命的起源, “Sin Wit Ki” in Sahaptin, the language group east of the Cascade Mountain Range.

在部落政府中没有政教分离. The spiritual tribal commitment to care for people, the land, water, 所有的生命都在哲学上推动着部落政府的决策.

正规买足球的App的印第安人教育项目也被称为Huchoosedah, a Southern Lushootseed word that translates roughly to the act of sharing or handing knowledge to someone.

Local Native activists to know:

• Bernie Whitebear
• Joe De La Cruz
• Janet McCloud
• Hank Adams
• Ramona Bennett
• Billy Frank, Jr.
• Hoagie King George
• David Sohappy
• And many others.

Never assign “Indian names” to your students for any reason. 命名是一种神圣的行为，而不仅仅是法定名称的分配. 命名标准因部落和地区而异.

在即将到来的本土内容上，给你确定的本土学生一个“提醒”. 和他们谈谈你对他们最重要的了解.

Never ask about blood quantum (How much Indian are you?). Blood quantum is a racist construct developed by the United States federal government to decrease the number of American Indians enrolled in federally recognized tribes.

Make sure you attribute Native artists and their tribal affiliation when you use their artwork or recordings in your classroom. 故事和歌曲以及视觉艺术都是艺术家的知识产权. To avoid the risk of cultural appropriation, 非土著教育工作者应避免将土著设计放在非土著对象上. Native artists enjoy federal protection of their creations under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990.

Never refer to tribal regalia as “costumes.”  Costumes are for make believe and entertainment. Regalia, on the other hand, is worn by tribal people at formal and ceremonial events, competitions (pow wow dance competitions. 例如)，以及其他具有文化或精神意义的时期.  这就是为什么印度人在万圣节的服装如此令人反感的部分原因.

避免将土著口述历史和故事称为“神话”或“传说”.” It devalues their significance.  Traditional belief holds these teachings as true.  Calling them myths is akin to calling the Judeo-Christian creation story mythological: the validity of the belief is irrelevant; the impact is offensive.

利用当前将“精神动物”分配给自己的时尚作为一个受教育的时刻. In addition to cultural appropriation, 它把一种模糊的准宗教行为归因于所有土著文化, 这反过来又延续了土著民族的“泛印第安”独特身份. There are dozens of published articles that explain in more detail why the practice is offensive.

当你听到一个学生提到一个通用的视觉探索时，把它当作一个教学时刻. 学生们可能没有意识到视觉任务的神圣性. 教育学生关于异象探索的深刻的宗教实践.  “The people of the Salish Sea have a deep spiritual belief system based on the vision quest and acquiring of spiritual guardians and songs throughout one’s life.  男孩和女孩为他们的第一次视觉探索准备了多年.  当他们准备好了，他们就去特别的圣地寻找他们的异象和歌曲.  During these days a person does not eat or drink, prays and sings and, if a person had prepared properly, a spiritual guide would come to them in the form of an animal or natural object and give special skills or powers, such as hunting or warrior prowess, ability as basketmakers or weavers, or perhaps special gambling or healing power.  这些精神盟友被认为是守护者，一个人可以在他们的一生中获得许多.” (People of Cascadia, p. 118)

Land Acknowledgments

如果您的组织希望使用土地确认，我们建议如下:

“我们要向普吉特海湾的萨利希人表示敬意和感谢, past and present, on whose lands we gather today. Suquamish部落和Muckleshoot印第安部落是联邦政府承认的印第安人 大西雅图地区的部落，根据艾略特角和梅迪溪的条约.”